Bowenoid Papulosis

Etiology

Bowenoid papulosis is a sexually transmitted condition associated with HPV infection. Most lesions are associated with oncogenic HPV types, mainly the HPV 16 genotype, but occasionally, HPV 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 48, 51, 52, 53, and 54 are detected.[2] Bowenoid papulosis may also occur in immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients. Smoking has recognition as a recurrence factor.

Epidemiology

Bowenoid papulosis occurs commonly in sexually active individuals and predominantly in their third to the mid-fifth decade with a mean age of 31 years. However, bowenoid papulosis can appear at any age range from 3 to 80 years. All sexes are affected, although recent data showed an increased number of women. There are an estimated 5 cases per 100,000 women.[3] The exact prevalence is unknown because bowenoid papulosis lesions are related clinically to genital warts; there is no racial predilection for bowenoid papulosis.

Pathophysiology

Detection of papillomavirus common antigen in cases of bowenoid papulosis supports the hypothesis that bowenoid papulosis results from HPV. In fact, E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins of oncogenic HPV types contribute to oncogenesis by inducing over-expression of p16 protein and human telomerase reverse transcription.

Histopathology

Histologically, bowenoid papulosis is characterized by acanthosis with full-thickness epidermal atypia, known as Bowenoid dysplasia. Multiple metaphase mitoses are usually visible above the basal layer and scattered dyskeratotic and multinucleated keratinocytes with pleiomorphism; histopathologic findings may also show parakeratosis and hypergranulosis. The integrity of the basement membrane is preserved, and the dermis contains a superficial infiltrate of lymphocytes with perivascular accentuation. Induction of the focal epidermal hyperplasia and dysplasia is viral. Moreover, immunohistochemistry for the p16 protein reveals strong in bowenoid papulosis. Staining with an antibody to p16 protein has high specificity and sensitivity to detect this disease.

History and Physical

Bowenoid papulosis is a rare transmitted condition and typically occurs in sexually active people. This condition is clinically characterized by multiple well-demarcated red-brown to violaceous papules, usually less than 1 cm in size. The surface of the lesion can be flat, smooth, papillomatous, or verrucous, and some papules may coalesce into large plaques. Sometimes, bowenoid papulosis presents as warty white plaques. The distribution of lesions is commonly discrete; sometimes bowenoid papulosis can have an annular or linear exhibition. In men, bowenoid papulosis lesions primarily involve the penile shaft but may also involve the foreskin, glans, scrotum as well as the anus. Whereas in women, the lesions are usually bilateral and affect the labia major, labia minor, clitoris, inside the vagina, inguinal folds, and perianal area. The lesions are generally darker in women than in men. The lesions are usually asymptomatic; occasionally, patients may complain of pruritus and soreness of the affected area. Extragenital bowenoid papulosis is a very rare condition, and it may involve the face, fingers, or neck, with or without concomitant genital lesions.[4]

Evaluation

Because of its potential malignant transformation, the diagnosis is usually by a skin biopsy. HPV subtyping may also be a recommended next step. Microscopic findings show typical features of Bowen disease with only a few differentiating features. The distinction rests in the circumscribed plaque-like pattern, the multiplicity of lesions, the age of the patient, and less dyskeratosis and atypia and more dilated vessels in the dermis in pathology.[4] Hence the diagnosis of bowenoid papulosis is based on clinical grounds and histopathological correlation. Furthermore, a skin biopsy is recommended in case of recalcitrant lesions to standard therapies to rule out malignancy. An extensive assessment of HPV infection is mandatory, including examination of the oral, genital, and anal areas. Besides, anoscopy should be performed in the case of receptive anal sex. All this must be performed for the patient as well as the partner.

Treatment / Management

The treatment aims to prevent malignancy transformation and to preserve normal tissue and function. Since the disease commonly occurs in young people and frequently remits spontaneously, the management of bowenoid papulosis is generally conservative. Without treatment, bowenoid papulosis lesions may regress in an average of 8 months. Treatment modalities include locally ablative or destructive therapies such as carbon dioxide laser vaporization, cryotherapy, electrocoagulation, 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy, excisional surgery, and 5 fluorouracil. Moreover, topical imiquimod cream 5% once a day on an alternate day for 1 month has proven good results on limited lesions of bowenoid papulosis with viral clearance in some cases. However, relapse often occurs with all treatment modalities.[3][5][6] Furthermore, there are prophylactic vaccines to prevent infection with oncologic HPV subtypes. Moreover, prevention of recurrence correlates with cessation of cigarette smoking.(B3)

Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnoses for bowenoid papulosis include the following:

• Genital warts
• Psoriasis
• Lichen planus
• Condylomata acuminate
• Seborrheic keratosis
• Pigmented Bowen disease
• Melanocytic Nevus
• Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
• Warty dyskeratoma

Prognosis

Bowenoid papulosis has a variable course. Lesions may regress spontaneously or persist for several years with older persons or immunocompromised patients; the condition may rarely transform into Bowen disease or invasive squamous cell carcinoma.[7]

Complications

Transformation into invasive squamous cell carcinoma is rare and occurs in less than 1 % of cases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Women with bowenoid papulosis lesions and sexual partners of male patients are at high risk of cervical or vulvar carcinomas because of the infection with a potentially oncogenic HPV.