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Intraductal Papilloma
Introduction
Intraductal papilloma is a benign tumor found within breast ducts. The abnormal proliferation of ductal epithelial cells causes growth. A solitary intraductal papilloma is usually found centrally posterior to the nipple, affecting the central duct. Multiple intraductal papillomas are located peripherally in any breast quadrant, affecting the peripheral ducts.[1] Women of all ages can develop intraductal papillomas. Breast tumor risk factors include contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, lifetime estrogen exposure, and family history.[2] Patients with symptoms often present with spontaneous bloody or clear nipple discharge. An intraductal papilloma may be ocasionally palpable. However, most patients with intraductal papillomas are asymptomatic. Small intraductal papillomas often show no signs or symptoms.[1] Working up an intraductal papilloma is imperative due to the possibility of harboring occult carcinoma.[3] It is classified as a high-risk precursor lesion due to its association with atypia, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and carcinoma.[1] Surgical excision with complete tumor removal is the recommended treatment.[4]
Etiology
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Etiology
Intraductal papilloma is classified as a high-risk precursor lesion. This classification is due to its association with atypia, DCIS, and carcinoma. Intraductal papilloma is a benign breast tumor.[1] Breast tumor-predisposing risk factors include contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, lifetime estrogen exposure, and family history.[2]
Epidemiology
Intraductal papilloma can occur in women of all ages but most commonly between 35 and 55. Its occurrence in men remains low.[5] Intraductal papilloma makes up less than 10% of benign breast lesions and less than 1% of malignant breast tumors.[6]
Histopathology
Intraductal papilloma diagnosed on core biopsy can have surgical excisional upgrade to atypical ductal hyperplasia, DCIS, and carcinoma.[1] Breast lesions diagnosed as benign papillomas on core needle biopsy had a 6.3% risk of being malignant.[7] Central papillomas are usually solitary and large. Peripheral papillomas, in contrast, are usually smaller and can be multiple.[8] Intraductal papilloma can be found in both large ducts of the subareolar region and the terminal duct lobular unit more peripherally. Intraductal papilloma is histologically characterized by a fibrovascular core covered with epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Various changes can accompany intraductal papilloma, including sclerosis, epithelial or myoepithelial hyperplasia, atypical proliferation, and squamous or apocrine metaplasia.[9]
History and Physical
Intraductal papillomas, when solitary, may present as bloody or clear nipple discharge. They are usually centrally located behind the nipple and are most commonly seen in perimenopausal patients. However, it may also be seen incidentally with ultrasound in younger asymptomatic patients. Intraductal papilloma, when multiple, typically arises from the terminal duct lobular unit. They are less frequently presented with nipple discharge and more often as a palpable mass.[1]
Evaluation
Intraductal papilloma can be mammographically occult. It may present as a round or oval mass with a well-circumscribed or indistinct margin when seen mammographically. It may be associated with microcalcifications. Under ultrasound, the mass is commonly found near the nipple. The tumor is in a dilated duct and often shows flow on color or power Doppler. On galactography, intraductal papilloma appears as an intraluminal filling defect with ductal dilation leading up to the mass with an abrupt ductal cutoff. MRI findings include an enhancing round or ovoid intraductal mass with likely either washout or plateau kinetics.[1] Tissue sampling, in addition to imaging, is necessary for the diagnosis of intraductal papilloma. Radiologic findings and pathologic tissue findings need to be concordant for an accurate diagnosis.[1] Different biopsy methods include core needle, vacuum-assisted, and open tissue biopsy. Core needle and vacuum-assisted biopsy are preferred over fine-needle aspiration because more tissue samples are obtained for pathologic analysis. Fine needle aspiration uses a thinner needle, creating the chance of insufficient tissue sampling.[10] Open tissue biopsy is not preferred as it is a surgical approach. It is more invasive and may lead to chronic pain and increased patient anxiety and depression.[11]
Treatment / Management
Treatment of intraductal papilloma involves surgical excision and complete removal of the tumor. This is due to the possibility of upgrading to atypical ductal hyperplasia or DCIS upon excision.[1] Surgical excision, in the form of a lumpectomy with complete papilloma removal, is recommended.[6]
Differential Diagnosis
Both benign and malignant lesions can mimic intraductal papilloma. Inspissated material or debris within a dilated duct can mimic papilloma. Similarly, fat necrosis with cystic and solid areas can mimic an intracystic papillary lesion. The absence of intralesional color flow on ultrasound favors benignity. Phyllodes tumor is a benign but high-risk lesion that can similarly look like a papilloma. Malignant nonpapillary tumors such as medullary carcinoma can present with central necrosis or ductal extension mimicking a papillary carcinoma. Ultimately, the diagnosis of intraductal papilloma requires tissue sampling for definitive diagnosis.[1]
Prognosis
The prognosis is overall excellent with intraductal papilloma. In 1 study, 88.9% of the intraductal papillomas were found to be without atypia, while 9.2% showed atypia. The upgrade rate on pathology was low, 7.3%: 1.3% for invasive cancer, 2.7% for DCIS, and 3.3% for atypical ductal hyperplasia.[12] Surgical excision with complete tumor removal is the recommended treatment.[4] In 1 study, local recurrence after surgical excision is as low as 2.4%.[13]
Complications
No significant complications are seen with intraductal papilloma—complications, when present, are seen after biopsy or surgical excision. Postprocedural complications may include bleeding, infection, pain, fat necrosis, and possible cosmetic deformity to the breast.[14]
Deterrence and Patient Education
Breast tumor risk factors, both benign and malignant, include contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, lifetime estrogen exposure, and family history.[2] Women should be encouraged to undergo annual screening mammograms. The American College of Radiology and Society of Breast Imaging recommends annual screening mammograms beginning at age 40 for women of average risk.
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
Healthcare professionals should educate patients about breast cancer and other breast lesions. The nurse is in a prime position to teach the patient about breast exams, which may help detect abnormalities early. The nurse should also encourage women to undergo screening mammograms. At the same time, the primary care provider should encourage the patient to follow up with regular breast exams.
Outcomes
The outcomes are excellent for women who undergo excision of the intraductal papilloma. All women should be encouraged to undergo screening mammograms. The American College of Radiology and Society of Breast Imaging recommends annual screening mammograms beginning at age 40 for women of average risk.
References
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