Social Anxiety Disorder

Etiology

Family and twin studies suggest that genetic factors' role as an etiological factor in SAD is believed to be largely dependent on environmental factors.[5] Genetic markers have been difficult to identify. Parenting that is overly controlling or intrusive may result in inhibited temperament in children, increasing the risk for SAD. Adverse and stressful life events may also increase risk. A search for neurobiological factors associated with SAD has been largely non-specific. Advances in neuroimaging technology may increase insight into the disorder in the future. Recent evidence suggests an extended amygdala is an essential region in anxiety disorders.[1]

Epidemiology

Epidemiological studies have shown that SAD has a worldwide prevalence of 5 to 10% and a lifetime prevalence of 8.4 to 15%.[6] Prevalence rates are comparable within the United States. The prevalence rates in children and adolescents are similar to those of adults. SAD more commonly affects women than men. SAD is the third most common mental disorder behind substance use disorder and depression and is the most common anxiety disorder.[7]

Pathophysiology

Studies in the past have found that persons with performance-type SAD may have a greater response to the autonomic nervous system, including elevated heart rate.[8] Additionally, multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of SAD.[9][10] Brain imaging of those with SAD reveals increased paralimbic and limbic circuitry activity.[11] Certain temperaments of toddlers and maternal stress have also been shown to be associated with persons who develop SAD.[12]

History and Physical

The majority of individuals with SAD report the onset of symptoms before 20 years old when obtaining a history. Many report symptoms beginning in early childhood. Social anxiety is a chronic disorder, typically lasting for 6 months or more. Individuals with SAD are more likely to be less educated, unmarried, and have lower socioeconomic status. Additionally, many patients with SAD may not seek treatment because they believe the social anxiety to be part of their personality structure and, therefore, does not require treatment.[7] Patients with SAD frequently present to physicians because of other disorders, including major depression or substance use and related disorders.[5]

Evaluation

Evaluation of SAD must include its diagnostic criteria as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Criteria include pronounced fear or anxiety around 1 or multiple social situations where a person is possibly exposed to the possible scrutiny of others. The person fears they may act in a way that may be evaluated negatively. The social situation, for the most part, provokes anxiety or fear. The situations are either endured with anxiety or fear or avoided entirely. This fear or anxiety is disproportionate to the threat posed by the situation. The avoidance, fear, or anxiety typically lasts for at least 6 months and causes significant impairment or distress in an important area of functioning. The fear must not be attributable to the effects of a substance or medical condition or the symptoms of a different mental disorder. Additionally, the anxiety, avoidance, or fear is excessive or unrelated if a separate medical condition is present. There is a performance-only specifier if fear is restricted exclusively to performing or speaking in public.

A core feature of SAD is the fear of negative evaluation. Instruments that assess for SAD include but are not limited to the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Mini-SPIN, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Liebowitz Self-Rated Disability Scale, Disability Profile, Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS), and Social Phobia Safety Behaviors Scale and Self Statements During Public Speaking Scale.[13] There is evidence that the items on SPIN capture multiple symptoms of SAD, including fear of negative evaluation, distress as a result of physical symptoms of anxiety, and the fear of uncertainty when in social situations.[14] Patients with SAD may speak quietly or offer cursory answers to questions. In addition, eye contact is often less than normal. Often, individuals with SAD reveal their symptoms with direct questioning.[15]

Treatment / Management

There is a large amount of evidence supporting the efficacy of medications and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in SAD.[15] According to meta-analysis, SAD responds well to treatment with individual CBT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Additionally, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have a greater effect on outcomes than placebo. The SSRIs sertraline and paroxetine, as well as the SNRI venlafaxine, have been approved by the FDA. Comparing different psychotherapies, SAD responded better to CBT than psychodynamic therapy and other psychological therapies. The beta-blocker propranolol, as well as benzodiazepines, are also used in the treatment of SAD. Propranolol has the advantage of being used on an as-needed basis without the risk of developing dependence and tolerance, as exists with benzodiazepines. There is no evidence that combining pharmacological and psychological interventions is more efficacious than monotherapy.[16] A comparison of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy trials suggests medication has faster effects, but CBT has longer-lasting effects.[15](A1)

Differential Diagnosis

SAD must be differentiated from other disorders, including neurodevelopment disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, panic disorder and agoraphobia, depressive disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and personality disorders such as schizoid personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder. As indicated in the DSM-5 criteria, to make a diagnosis of SAD, the individual's symptoms must not be better explained by symptoms of another mental disorder. Other diagnoses to rule out include hikikomori, an extreme form of social withdrawal lasting more than 6 months, occurring among 1.2% of adults in Japan, and schizophrenia.[5]

Prognosis

Left untreated, SAD is recognized as a debilitating and highly prevalent disorder that may result in lower educational attainment, worse occupational performance, hampered social interaction, lower-quality relationships, and decreased quality of life. SAD is associated with suicidal ideation, low self-esteem, lower socioeconomic status, unemployment, financial issues, and being unmarried. Many individuals with SAD are not aware of their mental health problems and, therefore, do not seek treatment.[17][18]

Complications

Comorbid psychiatric disorders occur in up to 90% of patients with SAD. SAD's presence is a predictor for the development of major depression and alcohol use disorder. Patients who have comorbid psychiatric disorders have an increased likelihood of greater severity of symptoms, treatment resistance, decreased functioning, and increased rates of suicide.[6]